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What is a BTS in cyber security?

Author: Daisy

May. 20, 2024

Base Transceiver Station

Communication equipment

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A base transceiver station (BTS) or a baseband unit (BBU) facilitates wireless communication between user equipment (UE) and a network. UEs are devices such as mobile phones, WLL phones, computers with wireless Internet connectivity, or antennas mounted on buildings or telecommunication towers. The network can be any wireless communication technology like GSM, CDMA, wireless local loop, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, or other wide area network (WAN) technology.

BTS is also known as node B (in 3G networks) or simply the base station (BS). For LTE standard discussions, eNB (evolved node B) is used, and for 5G, the term GNodeB is common.

Though the term BTS can apply to any wireless communication standard, it is usually associated with mobile communication technologies like GSM and CDMA. A BTS forms part of the base station subsystem (BSS) developments for system management. It may also include equipment for encrypting and decrypting communications, spectrum filtering tools (band pass filters), and antennas, which are vital for BTS functioning. Typically, a BTS has several transceivers (TRXs) to serve different frequencies and sectors of a cell. A BTS is controlled by a parent base station controller via the base station control function (BCF). The BCF may be a discrete unit or incorporated into a TRX in compact base stations, providing operations and maintenance (O&M) connections to the network management system (NMS), and managing operational states of each TRX, software handling, and alarm collection. The basic structure and functions of the BTS remain the same irrespective of the wireless technologies.

General Architecture

A BTS usually comprises:

Transceiver (TRX): Provides transmission and reception of signals to and from higher network entities like the base station controller in mobile telephony. This can be a dedicated device known as a Remote Radio Head (RRH).
Power Amplifier (PA): Amplifies the signal from TRX for transmission through the antenna; may be integrated with TRX.
Combiner: Combines feeds from several TRXs to be sent out through a single antenna, reducing the number of antennas used.
Multiplexer: Separates sending and receiving signals to/from the antenna, facilitating signal transmission through the same antenna ports (cables to antenna).
Antenna: The structure where the BTS is located; can be installed as is or disguised (concealed cellular sites).
Alarm Extension System: Collects working status alarms of various units in the BTS and extends them to O&M monitoring stations.
Control Function: Controls and manages the various units of the BTS, including any software. On-the-spot configurations, status changes, software upgrades, etc., are done through the control function.
Baseband Receiver Unit (BBxx): Handles frequency hopping and signal DSP.

Terms Regarding a Mobile BTS

Diversity Techniques: To improve the received signal quality, two receiving antennas are often used, placed at a distance equal to an odd multiple of a quarter of the corresponding wavelength. For 900 MHz, this wavelength is 33 cm. This technique, known as antenna diversity or space diversity, avoids interruptions caused by path fading. Antennas can be spaced horizontally or vertically. Horizontal spacing requires more complex installation but offers better performance.

Besides antenna or space diversity, there are other diversity techniques such as frequency/time diversity, antenna pattern diversity, and polarization diversity.

Splitting refers to the flow of power within a particular area of the cell, known as a sector. Each field can then be considered like a new cell.

Directional antennas reduce long-range (LoRa) interference. If not sectorized, the cell is served by an omnidirectional antenna, which radiates in all directions. A typical structure is the trisector (clover), where three sectors are served by separate antennas. Each sector has a separate direction of tracking, typically of 120° with respect to the adjacent ones. Other orientations may be used to suit local conditions. Bisectored cells are also implemented, with antennas usually serving sectors of 180° separation, although variations exist.

Gallery

A BTS Device
A BTS tower with the antenna on top and the shelter housing the BTS on the right
A mobile BTS
A BTS mounted on a building
Electronic equipment box at the base of a BTS

What is BTS

Base Transceiver Station

Published in Chapter:

Infrastructure Sharing & Renewable Energy Use In Telecommunication Industry for Sustainable Development

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Dilupa Ranatunga (University of Colombo, Sri Lanka), Rasika Withanage (University of Wales, UK), and Dinesh Arunatileka (University of Western Sydney, Australia & University of Colombo, Sri Lanka)

Source Title:

Handbook of Research on Green ICT: Technology, Business and Social Perspectives

Pages:

DOI:

10.4018/978-1-61692-834-6.ch022

Abstract

An important factor in green ICT challenges is to reduce the creation and emission of greenhouse gases by all means. This chapter focuses on how telecommunication network operators could operate in a more environmentally friendly way by co-existing with fellow operators through infrastructure sharing such as towers and power generators, which reduces greenhouse gas emissions. The chapter describes the telecom infrastructure's environmental impact and magnitude and ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

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Solved: baseband and broadband signalling

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