T-304 Stainless Steel Wire Mesh

T-304 stainless steel is the most widely available of all stainless steels in the wire mesh industry. Aside from the countless combinations of mesh opening sizes and diameter wire available both from stock and through manufacturing, T-304 SS exhibits many benefits and is largely considered the standard of the industry. T-304 SS has excellent corrosion resistance in a wide range of environments and is used in a wide range of applications.

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Widely utilized in various industries, T-304 stainless steel boasts numerous applications. It is commonly found in general industrial use, mining, quarrying, beer brewing, water filtration, particle separation, automotive manufacturing, basket fabrication, refineries, oil fields, aerospace, food processing, and scientific labs.

Offering remarkable heat resistance, T-304 SS can withstand oxidation at temperatures up to approximately 1600°F during intermittent service and up to 1700°F during continuous service. This stainless steel is also exceptionally suitable for fabrication, as it can be easily formed, cut, and welded using typical methods. It is largely non-magnetic in its annealed state and, from a cost perspective, it is one of the most economically attractive stainless steel mesh alloys available, especially considering its lifespan.

Darby maintains one of the most expansive inventories of T-304 SS wire mesh, so it is no surprise that when a specific opening size (or mesh count/diameter wire) is needed, T-304 stainless steel is selected. Darby stocks virtually every standard or market grade as well as many of the non-standard specifications, including heavy-duty specifications, bolting grades, and milling grades. Often referred to as 18-8 due to its Chromium-Nickel chemical composition, T-304 stainless steel is available in both woven and welded constructions — both from stock and through custom manufacturing.

Below is the standard chemical composition for T-304 SS, commonly used in the wire mesh and wire cloth industry:

The wire crimping process

Woven wire mesh (Figure 1) is a versatile industrial material produced by interconnecting strands of metal wire made from aluminum, copper, brass, bronze, mild steel, high-carbon steel, pre-galvanized steel, titanium, or stainless steel. It is available in various styles, depending on material type, wire diameter, and opening size.

Woven wire mesh is manufactured in one of two ways: plain woven or pre-crimped.

Plain Woven. The wires take their shape and form during the weaving operation. Plain woven wire mesh is used for applications that require small openings, such as window screens.

Precrimped Woven. Individual wires are crimped or shaped before they are woven. Precrimped woven mesh is used to produce weaves with larger openings – up to 8 inches. Because larger openings require greater stability, the wire must be crimped before it is woven. This stabilizes larger-scale weaves by creating a pocket where the wires intersect.

This article focuses on precrimped woven wire mesh and the importance of the crimping process in manufacturing a quality finished product.

Precrimped woven wire mesh serves an array of industrial functions. It provides high functionality when used as an aggregate screen for materials companies and a unique aesthetic when used on the grilles of Rolls Royce Phantoms. It can withstand extreme temperature conditions in the heat-treating industry and resists corrosion when used in caustic environments. It protects heavy-equipment operators by serving as guard screens and is manufactured for particle-size analysis to serve as test sieve cloth.

The Crimping Process

In theory, the wire crimping process is simple: Warp and fill wires are prepped by being individually shaped so that they fit together and form tight intersections during the weaving process. But the details, which vary among manufacturers, can make or break mesh in terms of aesthetics and performance, and good fabricators instantly recognize the difference careful crimping makes in mesh quality. The consistency and repeatability provided by a precise crimping process can save fabricators time and money when precrimped wire mesh is specified.

An endless variety of metal compositions can be shaped into wire, and any metal wire can be crimped and woven. Combining the appropriate alloy with the most suitable crimp, produced with the best tooling, ensures successful industrial applications of precrimped wire mesh.

As mentioned previously, certain aspects of the crimping process vary among manufacturers. The following is one example of the process.

When a stem of wire arrives at the mesh manufacturer via a large carrier, it is placed onto an electric-assist turntable. The turntable helps ensure uniform crimp spacing as the crimping wheels pull the wire from the carrier at a consistent pace. As it gets pulled through straightening wheels (Figure 2), the wire is manipulated by the crimper (Figure 3) to produce an evenly spaced crimp with a desired specific shape.

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Crimpers are so essential to wire weaving operations that they often are custom-designed by the mesh manufacturers to allow optimum control over efficiency and quality.

Crimping wheels are placed at an appropriate distance apart to create the crimp depth specified on the job sheet. Manufacturers can position wheels for crimp depth down to a thousandth of an inch. Proper crimp depth is an important variable in determining the success or failure of the weaving process. A crimp that is too deep will result in loose-woven mesh. A crimp that is too shallow will result in mesh that is too tight and very difficult to manipulate.

The more crimping wheels that a manufacturer has available, the greater variety of weaves they can create. Efficient wire mesh manufacturers produce their own crimping wheels, which allow for the constant innovation of different crimps.

Manufacturing to the Highest Standards

At the beginning of the crimping process, hand samples (Figure 4) are taken to establish that the specified crimp depths meet the application’s requirements. Checking hand samples also helps ensure that quality is maintained, even throughout shift changes and multiple setup jobs. Sampling checks focus on the depth of the pocket, and recognizing the “perfect pocket” requires careful attention. Manufacturers also must periodically check the squareness and flatness of the mesh and make sure that its spacing—or pitch—remains consistent.

The ultimate goal of the crimping process is to lay the groundwork for weaving. The loom simply finishes what the crimper starts, and the weaving process is worthless unless the crimp has been mastered.

Crimping Styles 101

Just as there are fundamental components of the crimping process, there also are fundamental styles that result from that process. When manufactured to exacting standards, the crimping styles for mesh are the basis for the material’s versatility, fostering a variety of weaves that serve a multitude of industrial performance possibilities. Once again, a wider array of crimping wheels (Figure 5) expands the possibilities for crimping styles. Where an extensive range of tooling is available, the possibilities are endless.

The following crimping styles are building blocks. They can be scaled, customized, or brought together. The engineering flexibility of metal mesh opens up the possibilities for endless patterns and applications, and these crimping styles provide the foundation.

Plain. Plain crimp is a simple zigzag style of crimping, in which wires intersect at every available pocket. The smooth woven construction of plain crimp produces a subtle pattern, most common when mesh-to-diameter (MD) ratios are 4-to-1 or less. Plain crimp is suitable for many industrial applications.

Intercrimp. Intercrimp is simply a plain crimp with one small difference: wire intersections occur only at odd-numbered frequencies. The visible depressions between intersections give this crimp the appearance of being in constant zigzag motion. This widespread crimp style is most commonly used with MD ratios of 6-to-1 or greater.

Lock Crimp. Lock crimp is a more versatile crimp pattern that works well at practically any MD ratio of 4-to-1 or greater. It is characterized by straight sections of wire connected by a well-defined “bump” at their intersections. Distinct intersections give this crimp a clean aesthetic. Appropriate for many applications, it is an ideal choice for animal confinement, heat treating, aggregate sorting, and fencing.

Flat Top. Flat top is similar to the lock crimp, but all of its crimping is offset to one side of the material. This creates a smooth top surface—with no high points—as all wires are woven on a single plane. Its bottom side, however, has crimp bumps approximately twice the height of lock crimp bumps. Flat top was originally created to allow for the smooth flow of materials over the surface and provide a flat face for use as backer screens. Flat top is ideal for aggregate sizing and sorting, agriculture, filtration, and heat-treating applications.

Triple Shoot. Triple shoot is a specialty crimp style that creates maximum open area. It consists of relatively long sections of straight wire, connected by groupings of three plain crimp pockets. The resulting material has rectangular openings with a very high aspect ratio. Used primarily for sizing and sorting applications, triple shoot screen is most effective when high flow volumes are required.

Hybrid. There are times when multiple fundamental crimp styles need to be combined into hybrid crimps to produce quality mesh that satisfies the customer's specifications.

Efficient manufacturers that carefully control every detail of the crimping process eliminate the guesswork of working with precrimped woven wire mesh. When metal mesh is manufactured to exacting standards—from the crimping to weaving—it creates cutting-edge and highly functional materials that gain competitive advantages for fabricators.

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