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The plant compounds in bitter orange, which are called protoalkaloids, have been used for over 20 years in supplements for weight loss, athletic performance, skin care, appetite control, and brain health, as well as perfumery (1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8).

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Synephrine (p-synephrine)

P-synephrine, the main extract from bitter orange, has a similar structure to ephedrine, the main component of the herbal weight loss supplement ephedra (8).

This supplement was banned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) because it raised blood pressure, increased heart rate, and caused heart attacks and stroke among some consumers (1, 3, 7).

In addition, p-synephrine is structurally similar to your flight-or-fight hormones, epinephrine and norepinephrine, which also increase your heart rate (1, 4).

As such, the safety of bitter orange extract has been called into question.

However, several studies have shown that bitter orange extracts and the plant&#;s natural uses neither harm your heart and nervous system nor excite nervous system activity, as some stimulants do (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9).

Furthermore, at least one study has claimed that p-synephrine shouldn&#;t be classified as a stimulant (4).

P-synephrine is also found in other citrus fruits and their juices, such as mandarins and clementines (4, 7).

Limonene

Like other citrus fruits, bitter orange provides limonene &#; a compound shown to have anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties (10, 11, 12).

Population studies suggest that limonene may prevent certain cancers, namely colon cancer. However, more rigorous human research is needed (13).

An ongoing study is also exploring the use of limonene as a treatment for COVID-19. However, the results are not yet known. Bear in mind that limonene cannot prevent or cure COVID-19 (12).

Octopamine (p-octopamine)

Another protoalkaloid found in bitter orange is p-octopamine. However, little to no p-octopamine exists in bitter orange extracts. Moreover, it&#;s thought to be metabolized very rapidly in your liver when consumed from the whole fruit (3, 5).

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Likewise, it doesn&#;t appear to exert any beneficial or adverse effects on your body.

Other compounds

The leaves of the bitter orange plant are rich in vitamin C, which acts as an antioxidant. What&#;s more, its peel has a high content of flavonoids, which are potent antioxidants with high medicinal value (2, 14).

Antioxidants are substances that may protect your body from disease by preventing cell damage. They work by deactivating free radicals, which are unstable compounds that damage your cells, increasing inflammation and your disease risk (15, 16).

Summary

Protoalkaloids are plant compounds found in bitter orange that have anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties. They have been shown to be safe for consumption.

Bitter orange and its extracts are used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) to treat indigestion, diarrhea, dysentery, and constipation. In other regions, the fruit is used to treat anxiety and epilepsy (3).

Nonetheless, there&#;s limited evidence to support these uses.

There&#;s also insufficient evidence to support any uses for symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) (1).

Although a study in older rats suggested that flavanone compounds in citrus fruits and juices may improve thyroid function, it cannot be assumed that they&#;ll exert the same effects in humans (19).

All the same, given the high vitamin C content of bitter orange, it&#;s presumed that this fruit may improve skin health. Vitamin C&#;s role in wound healing and collagen formation is well established (16).

Another study noted that the bitter orange compound p-synephrine may improve athletic performance though by increasing total reps and volume load, or your ability to train harder (20).

Summary

There&#;s insufficient evidence to support the effectiveness of bitter orange and its extracts for its numerous medicinal uses.

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