Electric Bicycle FAQs | Archer's Bikes | Arizona

Questions and Answers About E-Bikes and E-MTBs

How are electric bikes classified?

When considering a suitable supplier and partner for your electric bike needs, Keren offers competitive pricing and timely delivery.

Electric bikes can be classified in various ways, with the most common criteria being:

• The motor ceases to assist the rider when reaching 20 MPH (or 28 MPH for S-Pedelec)
• Activation of the motor occurs through pedaling and/or throttle operation
• Power is limited, usually peaking at 750 watts or one horsepower, which is relatively low
• Pedaling alone can propel the bike
• No DMV registration, license plates, driver's license, or insurance is necessary
• Helmets are mandatory for riders under 18 on faster bikes

Where can I ride my electric bike (especially my mountain e-bike) - Arizona electric e-bike laws? (Disclaimer: This does not constitute legal advice.)

After the signing of e-bike legislation by Governor Doug Ducey, e-bikes are classified similarly to bicycles across the state, promoting standardized rules akin to those in eight other states. Be aware that local laws may vary. Typically, federal lands like BLM and National Forests adhere to state law, yet rules specific to parks and other jurisdictions may also apply.

Many argue that e-bikes provide unfair advantages, contribute to path damage due to added weight, or pave the way for motorcycle use. However, anyone who has experienced riding a pedal-assisted e-bike can attest that these claims are unfounded. After all, should a lightweight carbon hardtail mountain bike be banned for being unfair? Some contend that any form of motorized assistance has no place on bike paths, contradicting the national trend to permit Class 1 and Class 2 e-bikes on such trails. E-bikes also afford individuals with disabilities the opportunity to access public bike paths, secured through funding from various public sources. Ultimately, e-bikes make biking accessible for everyone.

The majority of trails on federal lands marked for ATV use (including fire roads) are open to e-bikes, offering thousands of miles to explore, such as in the Tonto National Forest. Overall, most bike paths permit unrestricted access for mountain bikes on federal lands (National Park, National Forest, BLM), although regulations may limit e-bike access. Class 1 e-bikes are often not classified as "motorized," adding to the confusion. Generally, paths allowing motorized traffic accommodate e-bikes. Riding along highways typically does not pose issues, although ambiguity remains. Outdoor public parks may have individual regulations; therefore, riding responsibly and courteously is crucial to protect access to bike paths for e-bikes. Be sure to check signage to verify e-bike usage; if indicated "no motorized vehicles," better to choose an alternative route or seek clarification. Class 1 and Class 2 e-bikes are treated as bicycles, not motor vehicles.

Classifications for e-bikes (Disclaimer: This does not constitute legal advice.)

Due to variations in regulations, each municipality governs differently. It’s best to familiarize yourself with local laws. The following general principles apply for all bicycles, including pedal, gas, e-bikes, or mopeds:

• Bicycle or E-Bike:
  • Always use a helmet (required for those under 18)
  • Adhere to all traffic regulations, including speed limits
  • Avoid pedestrian walkways or sidewalks unless permitted
  • Limit speed to 20 mph—this is the Arizona state law for all bicycles
  • Equip with front and rear lights, as well as reflectors
  • Bicycles must have a headlight and rear reflector for nighttime riding
  • Use a speedometer on your bike
  • Exercise caution near intersections
  • Power must not exceed 1 Hp or 750 watts
  • Avoid motor modifications that increase speeds
  • No driver's license, insurance, or registration is necessary to operate an e-bike or bicycle
  • All e-bikes must display a sticker detailing class type, maximum speed, and wattage
• Class 1 E-bike: This is a pedal-assist e-bike without a throttle; the motor stops providing assistance when the bicycle reaches 20 mph.
• Class 2 E-bike: This is similar to Class 1 but includes a throttle option.
  • Both Class 1 and Class 2 e-bikes are considered bicycles and permitted wherever pedal bikes are allowed, within the constraints of local regulations.
• Class 3 E-bike: This behaves like Class 2, often termed an S-Pedelec, where the motor assists up to 28 mph (often limiting throttle to 20 mph if included).
  • Class 3 bikes are typically not permitted on bike paths.
  • Individuals under 16 cannot operate Class 3 e-bikes.
• Electric Kick Scooter: These standing scooters can utilize a throttle and are classified and regulated like e-bikes.
• Scooter: Commonly viewed as a small motorcycle, usually having an automatic transmission, often in the range of 50cc to 150cc.
• Moped: This consists of a maximum of 1.5Hp (1,500w), 49cc maximum, with a speed limit of 25 mph. Mopeds require insurance, a driver's license, moped registration (but no title), and proof of ownership, and should avoid bike lanes and public roads (can use shoulders or travel adjacent to the roadway). Usually, they contain features such as pedals, mirrors, lights, brake lights, turn signals, and speedometers. The regulation is somewhat misleading regarding pedal requirements, so it's best to ride sensibly and adhere to traffic laws. Always wear a DOT-rated helmet.
• Gas bikes: Typically 48cc maximum, 1hp maximum, and a speed limit of 20mph—these are bicycles with a helper motor.
• OHV: Intended mainly for off-road use, requiring title, registration, driver’s license, and OHV decal; under 49cc does not need an OHV decal.
• Motor-driven cycle: A motorcycle needing title, MC license endorsement, registration, insurance, and safety devices.

The vast majority of e-bikes sold at Archer's Bikes are Class 1. Additional information can be found at People For Bikes or Trailforks for riding locations.

What Arizona has to say (ARS 28-101):

According to Arizona Revised Statute 28-101, an "Electric bicycle" describes a bicycle or tricycle equipped with fully operational pedals and an electric motor of less than 750 watts, fitting within the following classes:
(a) "Class 1 electric bicycle" refers to a bicycle or tricycle with an electric motor that only assists while the rider pedals and stops assistance at 20 miles per hour.
(b) "Class 2 electric bicycle" allows an electric motor that can solely propel the bicycle or tricycle, ceasing assistance at 20 miles per hour.
(c) "Class 3 electric bicycle" refers to a bicycle or tricycle with an electric motor providing assistance solely while the rider pedals, ceasing assistance at 28 miles per hour.

Learn About Your New Bike

Take some time to familiarize yourself with your new bike and its accessories. Practicing in a safe, open area without the e-bike's power will build confidence before navigating more difficult terrains. Building competence takes time; don't forget to wear a helmet and go at your own pace.

What are the fundamental options when looking for an electric bike? Electric bikes come in various styles: folding, mountain, sport, hauling, comfort cruisers, tricycles, recumbents, conversion kits, etc. Prices typically range from around $500 (for kits) to over $6,000. Modification options like conversion kits provide the lowest-cost opportunity, especially for the handy. Used electric bikes can also be found but tend to sell quickly. Folding bikes save space and depend on your usage patterns to determine which style suits your needs best.

How much does an e-bike cost? A quality e-bike typically begins around $1,500. While some may be available online for less, they often lack reliability and result in higher repair costs. Major brands occasionally go on sale, yet prices rarely fall below $1,000. Assuming a $1,500 base price, with an expected life span of 5 years and 1,000 charge cycles, the average range would be about 30 miles per charge at a cost of $0.15 to fully recharge. Anticipate the bike can cover 30,000 miles (115 miles per week). With maintenance and wear-and-tear costs approximated at $50 for every 500 miles, total ownership costs equate to $1,500 (purchase), $3,000 (maintenance), $150 (charging), summing to $4,650. This breaks down to less than $18 per week, or $0.16 per mile, identifying cheap transportation. The battery, costing approximately $500-$800 and typically the first component to need replacement, minimally affects long-term ownership costs. When factoring in the bike's residual value of around $375 upon resale or trade-in, the overall cost remains attractive over time.

How do you make the bike go? Electric bicycles generally feature optional pedal assistance. Models may come equipped with throttle options to bestow electronic assistance, while others may offer either option or specific add-ons. Pedal assist allows the motor to provide power with every pedal stroke, while the power level can be adjusted to balance rider effort via a user interface. A throttle (either twist or thumb) allows for hand-operated control of the motor assistance. With pedal assist, going uphill becomes a breeze, similar to coasting downhill. The adjustable power level also accommodates any physical limitation or simply enhances the ride experience. Throttle options empower riders to opt-out of pedaling entirely, relying on motor assistance, or set variable help as per personal preference.

How powerful are the motors? Electric motors vary in size from 250 watts to 1,200 watts or beyond. However, most regulatory guidelines limit power to a maximum of 750 watts (or 1Hp). Higher wattage provides greater assistance for climbing or accelerating. Always consider that smaller motors utilize less energy, are less costly, and diminish battery reliance. Conversely, larger motors often yield more weight and diminished efficiency over distance. Choose motor size carefully—smaller motors may suit lighter individuals, while larger riders should perhaps opt for increased power. However, not all motors of the same wattage deliver equivalent power; factors such as efficiency impact overall performance. Test rides are essential for selecting both size and efficacy.

What battery do I need? Batteries vary by voltage (24V, 36V, or 48V) and size (6 to 20 amp-hours). Although lead-acid batteries are less costly, they are heavier, typically shorter-lived, and maintenance-intensive. All modern bikes use lithium batteries, which are more compact, lightweight, and reliable, featuring lifespans between 1,000 and 2,000 charge cycles over three to six years, depending on usage. Battery energy is rated in watt-hours (or amp-hours), with higher rates signifying greater power. Storage in controlled temperatures is recommended, and batteries should be charged only when low—avoid leaving batteries unattended while charging. Range typically varies from 15 to 40 miles, influenced by battery size and rider effort.

Volts Battery voltage affects efficiency. A 24V system suits front wheel motors but offers minimal assistance; 36V benefits mid-drives in terms of efficiency; 48V systems are ideal for rear-hub applications. Ensure the battery voltage matches motor voltage for efficient energy transfer. The right voltage promotes effective performance without compromise.

Amp-Hours Measured in Amp-Hours, battery capacity indicates how long electrical energy will last. Larger cell batteries cater to heavy electric loads better, facilitating longer rides. Aim for at least 10AH for optimal performance; lower ratings yield shorter distances.

Watts Watt figures reveal motor power but do not always reflect ground performance. Common bike motors are rated between 250 and 750 watts—with most jurisdictions permitting a max of 750 watts. The specifications that dictate efficiency should guide your choice as heavier hub motors generally fare less efficiently than center drives.

Torque Torque reflects how hard a motor can rotate the wheel. Evaluating torque helps when comparing motors from the same manufacturer. Be aware that differing manufacturers may employ varied measurement techniques, hence making comparisons challenging. Torque is vital for climbing; center drives excel while hub drives struggle from a standstill.

How do I charge and care for e-bike batteries? Traditional lead-acid batteries necessitate periodic charging and demand careful maintenance. In contrast, lithium-ion batteries allow for more freedom, lasting three months without charge and maintaining reliability if properly treated. Proper storage at room temperature mitigates risk. Always adhere to safety tips to prevent mishaps, as these are electrical devices. Whether lead-acid or lithium-ion, handle chargers and batteries prudently, ensuring they do not cause fire hazards and are well respected in terms of handling.

Battery Safety Charging while unattended may lead to hazardous situations. Avoid leaving batteries on chargers, particularly overnight, and practice appropriate charging habits to limit risks. Signs of abnormality, like swelling or heat, warrant immediate cessation of use.

Maximize Battery Lifespan Ensuring batteries maintain charge levels between 20% and 80% can significantly prolong service life. Frequent discharging to cycle zero is unnecessary, though convenient to charge after each use can be factored in with less impact on the longevity of the battery. Monitoring storage temperatures and avoiding exposure to sunlight or extreme elements is vital.

Where does the motor attach? Electric motors attach in several configurations: wired to the back with a friction wheel, chained on the side, housed in the wheel hub, or installed at the pedal crank area. Most wheel hubs protect motors while maintaining accessibility. Various designs possess advantages; choosing depends on a rider's specific preferences.

What type of motor is best? Choose between direct drive or geared motors. Each option converts battery power into wheel movement effectively, but they come with different strengths and weaknesses. Direct drives have fewer moving parts, yielding long-lasting durability, stealthy performance, and greater average efficiency. Geared motors offer high torque at lower speeds, thereby facilitating powerful starting performance—especially suited for hill climbing.

Rear Wheel (hub) drive e-bikes Hub drives afford economical, straightforward designs, although they might complicate repairs like tire changes. The convenience of hub drives resonates well with the market.

Front Wheel (hub) drive e-bikes These bikes also present simplified designs but suffer less traction, causing performance discrepancies with straight climbs. They do, however, simplify flat repair processes considerably.

Mid-Drive e-bikes Mid-drive systems excel for performance and efficiency, particularly advantageous in steep terrains. They seamlessly leverage bike gears, granting enhanced efficiency during climbs.

What about the brakes? Disc brakes typically outperform rim brakes, providing better stopping power and performance in wet conditions. The choice between mechanical and hydraulic brakes hinges on personal preference and maintenance needs.

How does the bike "know" how much power to apply? User input and sensor readings (like speed, cadence, and torque) inform the motor on the level of power assistance required, ensuring energy is utilized effectively while providing an enjoyable ride.

How fast can I go? Electric bikes often allow drivers to naturally exceed legal limits (20mph or 28mph), depending on local laws. However, maintaining safe speeds, remaining respectful, and adhering to traffic laws are paramount during operation.

How far can I go? Travel range predominantly depends on battery size, rider weight, terrain, and conditions. The average bike typically achieves a moderate span between 15 to 40 miles. Regularity of rider use and specifications are also to be accounted for in long-distance travels.

What is the controller? Think of the controller as the e-bike's "brain." It orchestrates power delivery by integrating user input (either throttle or pedal-assist), optimizing performance and reliability.

What about insurance? Consider adding your e-bike to personal homeowner’s or renter's insurance policies, or inquire about separate liability insurance tailored for e-bikes. Taking preventative actions ensures protection for your investment.

What about regenerative braking? Limited benefits are generated through regenerative braking on bicycles; thus, the cost of integration may not warrant justification.

How can I transport my e-bike? E-bikes can present challenges for transport due to their heavier weights. Car racks may be the most feasible option when storing an e-bike, with tray-style hitch racks serving as the most suitable solution. Prioritize choosing racks rated for electricians to ensure compatibility.

What about an e-bike versus a gas bike? Gas bikes generally lower in price but higher in maintenance may provide more raw power. Nonetheless, e-bikes triumph in environmental friendliness and the option for manual operation.

What does Wikipedia have to say? Motorized electric bicycles are not subject to licensing or registration in Arizona, typically permitted in areas reserved for traditional bicycles, with specific regulations applying in different jurisdictions.

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