Heat continues to enter the pipe through insulation and supporting members. This heat causes the contents of the liquid to boil. Because of this, there should be a heat leak minimization. The thermal efficiency of the pipeline should be carefully considered given as it impairs heat input to the system which usually leads to product loss. So it must be necessary to fully understand the cryogenic piping system.

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Materials used in ultra-low temperature piping systems require the consideration of materials that have the appropriate mechanical and physical characteristics. Process fluids, manufacturability, cost, and regulatory compliance of standards such as: As ASMEB 31.3. Certain materials have a tendency to be brittle with the possibility of failure that does not normally occur at low temperatures. Hence, it is necessary to use ferroalloys.

The most commonly encountered iron alloys in cryogenic piping applications are usually classified as ferritic or austenitic. Most austenitic alloy steels are used at low temperatures. The piping is often AISI 300 type chrome nickel stainless steel, or stainless 304, 304L, 316 and 316L. Of the 300 series stainless alloys, the composition of 304 is the most common.

Most pipe for cryogenic liquid services is insulated. The line is not insulated usally because of: (1) its use is very rare and quick. (2) That it is a temporary installation; or (3) cold loss is not important.

The types of insulation used for cryogenic piping include (1) foam such as polyurethane; (2) Powder insulation materials such as pearlite; or (3) Vacuum insulation piping. To keep the insulation system effective moisture proofing of the system must be implemented to prevent the ingress of moisture from the air freezing against the pipe and cryogenic lines. When this happens, the ice that forms deteriorates or destroys the insulation system.

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The cryogenic liquid has the boiling point of oxygen (-297 or -) Oxygen from the air can condense and accumulate in the insulation space. In this situation, the insulation system should not be flammable because of the presence of solid oxygen.

If cold insulation is required, the entire system should be completely insulated. All plumbing components, tubes / hoses from the insulation equipment, drains, nozzles and supporting members as well as the protruding metal parts.

Cryogenic Supports

Cryogenic pipe supports are necessary when producing, processing, transporting and distributing liquefied gases such as Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) or Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) which can reach temperatures as low as -165°c.

CPA manufactures cryogenic pre-insulated pipe supports (also known as 'cold shoes') incorporating high density polyurethane foam (HD PUF) as a highly effective load bearing cryogenic insulation medium.

CPA's cryogenic supports are engineered in order to fulfil specific client requirements which may vary according to several factors, including load carrying capacity and installation restrictions, for example.

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